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CLONE(2) Linux Programmer's Manual CLONE(2)
NAME
clone, __clone2 - create a child process
SYNOPSIS
#include <sched.h>
int clone(int (*fn)(void *), void *child_stack,
int flags, void *arg, ...
/* pid_t *pid, struct user_desc *tls, pid_t *ctid */ );
int __clone2(int (*fn)(void *), void *child_stack_base,
size_t stack_size, int flags, void *arg, ...
/* pid_t *pid, struct user_desc *tls, pid_t *ctid */ );
DESCRIPTION
clone() creates a new process, in a manner similar to fork(2). It is actually a
library function layered on top of the underlying clone() system call, hereinafter
referred to as sys_clone. A description of sys_clone is given towards the end of
this page.
Unlike fork(2), these calls allow the child process to share parts of its execution
context with the calling process, such as the memory space, the table of file
descriptors, and the table of signal handlers. (Note that on this manual page,
"calling process" normally corresponds to "parent process". But see the descrip-
tion of CLONE_PARENT below.)
The main use of clone() is to implement threads: multiple threads of control in a
program that run concurrently in a shared memory space.
When the child process is created with clone(), it executes the function applica-
tion fn(arg). (This differs from fork(2), where execution continues in the child
from the point of the fork(2) call.) The fn argument is a pointer to a function
that is called by the child process at the beginning of its execution. The arg
argument is passed to the fn function.
When the fn(arg) function application returns, the child process terminates. The
integer returned by fn is the exit code for the child process. The child process
may also terminate explicitly by calling exit(2) or after receiving a fatal signal.
The child_stack argument specifies the location of the stack used by the child pro-
cess. Since the child and calling process may share memory, it is not possible for
the child process to execute in the same stack as the calling process. The calling
process must therefore set up memory space for the child stack and pass a pointer
to this space to clone(). Stacks grow downwards on all processors that run Linux
(except the HP PA processors), so child_stack usually points to the topmost address
of the memory space set up for the child stack.
The low byte of flags contains the number of the termination signal sent to the
parent when the child dies. If this signal is specified as anything other than
SIGCHLD, then the parent process must specify the __WALL or __WCLONE options when
waiting for the child with wait(2). If no signal is specified, then the parent
process is not signaled when the child terminates.
flags may also be bitwise-or'ed with zero or more of the following constants, in
order to specify what is shared between the calling process and the child process:
CLONE_PARENT (since Linux 2.3.12)
If CLONE_PARENT is set, then the parent of the new child (as returned by
getppid(2)) will be the same as that of the calling process.
If CLONE_PARENT is not set, then (as with fork(2)) the child's parent is the
calling process.
Note that it is the parent process, as returned by getppid(2), which is sig-
naled when the child terminates, so that if CLONE_PARENT is set, then the
parent of the calling process, rather than the calling process itself, will
be signaled.
CLONE_FS
If CLONE_FS is set, the caller and the child processes share the same file
system information. This includes the root of the file system, the current
working directory, and the umask. Any call to chroot(2), chdir(2), or
umask(2) performed by the calling process or the child process also affects
the other process.
If CLONE_FS is not set, the child process works on a copy of the file system
information of the calling process at the time of the clone() call. Calls
to chroot(2), chdir(2), umask(2) performed later by one of the processes do
not affect the other process.
CLONE_FILES
If CLONE_FILES is set, the calling process and the child processes share the
same file descriptor table. Any file descriptor created by the calling pro-
cess or by the child process is also valid in the other process. Similarly,
if one of the processes closes a file descriptor, or changes its associated
flags (using the fcntl(2) F_SETFD operation), the other process is also
affected.
If CLONE_FILES is not set, the child process inherits a copy of all file
descriptors opened in the calling process at the time of clone(). (The
duplicated file descriptors in the child refer to the same open file
descriptions (see open(2)) as the corresponding file descriptors in the
calling process.) Subsequent operations that open or close file descrip-
tors, or change file descriptor flags, performed by either the calling pro-
cess or the child process do not affect the other process.
CLONE_NEWNS (since Linux 2.4.19)
Start the child in a new namespace.
Every process lives in a namespace. The namespace of a process is the data
(the set of mounts) describing the file hierarchy as seen by that process.
After a fork(2) or clone(2) where the CLONE_NEWNS flag is not set, the child
lives in the same namespace as the parent. The system calls mount(2) and
umount(2) change the namespace of the calling process, and hence affect all
processes that live in the same namespace, but do not affect processes in a
different namespace.
After a clone(2) where the CLONE_NEWNS flag is set, the cloned child is
started in a new namespace, initialized with a copy of the namespace of the
parent.
Only a privileged process (one having the CAP_SYS_ADMIN capability) may
specify the CLONE_NEWNS flag. It is not permitted to specify both
CLONE_NEWNS and CLONE_FS in the same clone() call.
CLONE_SIGHAND
If CLONE_SIGHAND is set, the calling process and the child processes share
the same table of signal handlers. If the calling process or child process
calls sigaction(2) to change the behavior associated with a signal, the
behavior is changed in the other process as well. However, the calling pro-
cess and child processes still have distinct signal masks and sets of pend-
ing signals. So, one of them may block or unblock some signals using sig-
procmask(2) without affecting the other process.
If CLONE_SIGHAND is not set, the child process inherits a copy of the signal
handlers of the calling process at the time clone() is called. Calls to
sigaction(2) performed later by one of the processes have no effect on the
other process.
Since Linux 2.6.0-test6, flags must also include CLONE_VM if CLONE_SIGHAND
is specified
CLONE_PTRACE
If CLONE_PTRACE is specified, and the calling process is being traced, then
trace the child also (see ptrace(2)).
CLONE_UNTRACED (since Linux 2.5.46)
If CLONE_UNTRACED is specified, then a tracing process cannot force
CLONE_PTRACE on this child process.
CLONE_STOPPED (since Linux 2.6.0-test2)
If CLONE_STOPPED is set, then the child is initially stopped (as though it
was sent a SIGSTOP signal), and must be resumed by sending it a SIGCONT sig-
nal.
CLONE_VFORK
If CLONE_VFORK is set, the execution of the calling process is suspended
until the child releases its virtual memory resources via a call to
execve(2) or _exit(2) (as with vfork(2)).
If CLONE_VFORK is not set then both the calling process and the child are
schedulable after the call, and an application should not rely on execution
occurring in any particular order.
CLONE_VM
If CLONE_VM is set, the calling process and the child processes run in the
same memory space. In particular, memory writes performed by the calling
process or by the child process are also visible in the other process.
Moreover, any memory mapping or unmapping performed with mmap(2) or mun-
map(2) by the child or calling process also affects the other process.
If CLONE_VM is not set, the child process runs in a separate copy of the
memory space of the calling process at the time of clone(). Memory writes
or file mappings/unmappings performed by one of the processes do not affect
the other, as with fork(2).
CLONE_PID (obsolete)
If CLONE_PID is set, the child process is created with the same process ID
as the calling process. This is good for hacking the system, but otherwise
of not much use. Since 2.3.21 this flag can be specified only by the system
boot process (PID 0). It disappeared in Linux 2.5.16.
CLONE_THREAD (since Linux 2.4.0-test8)
If CLONE_THREAD is set, the child is placed in the same thread group as the
calling process. To make the remainder of the discussion of CLONE_THREAD
more readable, the term "thread" is used to refer to the processes within a
thread group.
Thread groups were a feature added in Linux 2.4 to support the POSIX threads
notion of a set of threads that share a single PID. Internally, this shared
PID is the so-called thread group identifier (TGID) for the thread group.
Since Linux 2.4, calls to getpid(2) return the TGID of the caller.
The threads within a group can be distinguished by their (system-wide)
unique thread IDs (TID). A new thread's TID is available as the function
result returned to the caller of clone(), and a thread can obtain its own
TID using gettid(2).
When a call is made to clone() without specifying CLONE_THREAD, then the
resulting thread is placed in a new thread group whose TGID is the same as
the thread's TID. This thread is the leader of the new thread group.
A new thread created with CLONE_THREAD has the same parent process as the
caller of clone() (i.e., like CLONE_PARENT), so that calls to getppid(2)
return the same value for all of the threads in a thread group. When a
CLONE_THREAD thread terminates, the thread that created it using clone() is
not sent a SIGCHLD (or other termination) signal; nor can the status of such
a thread be obtained using wait(2). (The thread is said to be detached.)
After all of the threads in a thread group terminate the parent process of
the thread group is sent a SIGCHLD (or other termination) signal.
If any of the threads in a thread group performs an execve(2), then all
threads other than the thread group leader are terminated, and the new pro-
gram is executed in the thread group leader.
If one of the threads in a thread group creates a child using fork(2), then
any thread in the group can wait(2) for that child.
Since Linux 2.5.35, flags must also include CLONE_SIGHAND if CLONE_THREAD is
specified.
Signals may be sent to a thread group as a whole (i.e., a TGID) using
kill(2), or to a specific thread (i.e., TID) using tgkill(2).
Signal dispositions and actions are process-wide: if an unhandled signal is
delivered to a thread, then it will affect (terminate, stop, continue, be
ignored in) all members of the thread group.
Each thread has its own signal mask, as set by sigprocmask(2), but signals
can be pending either: for the whole process (i.e., deliverable to any mem-
ber of the thread group), when sent with kill(2); or for an individual
thread, when sent with tgkill(2). A call to sigpending(2) returns a signal
set that is the union of the signals pending for the whole process and the
signals that are pending for the calling thread.
If kill(2) is used to send a signal to a thread group, and the thread group
has installed a handler for the signal, then the handler will be invoked in
exactly one, arbitrarily selected member of the thread group that has not
blocked the signal. If multiple threads in a group are waiting to accept
the same signal using sigwaitinfo(2), the kernel will arbitrarily select one
of these threads to receive a signal sent using kill(2).
CLONE_SYSVSEM (since Linux 2.5.10)
If CLONE_SYSVSEM is set, then the child and the calling process share a sin-
gle list of System V semaphore undo values (see semop(2)). If this flag is
not set, then the child has a separate undo list, which is initially empty.
CLONE_SETTLS (since Linux 2.5.32)
The newtls parameter is the new TLS (Thread Local Storage) descriptor. (See
set_thread_area(2).)
CLONE_PARENT_SETTID (since Linux 2.5.49)
Store child thread ID at location parent_tidptr in parent and child memory.
(In Linux 2.5.32-2.5.48 there was a flag CLONE_SETTID that did this.)
CLONE_CHILD_SETTID (since Linux 2.5.49)
Store child thread ID at location child_tidptr in child memory.
CLONE_CHILD_CLEARTID (since Linux 2.5.49)
Erase child thread ID at location child_tidptr in child memory when the
child exits, and do a wakeup on the futex at that address. The address
involved may be changed by the set_tid_address(2) system call. This is used
by threading libraries.
sys_clone
The sys_clone system call corresponds more closely to fork(2) in that execution in
the child continues from the point of the call. Thus, sys_clone only requires the
flags and child_stack arguments, which have the same meaning as for clone(). (Note
that the order of these arguments differs from clone().)
Another difference for sys_clone is that the child_stack argument may be zero, in
which case copy-on-write semantics ensure that the child gets separate copies of
stack pages when either process modifies the stack. In this case, for correct
operation, the CLONE_VM option should not be specified.
Since Linux 2.5.49 the system call has five parameters. The two new parameters are
parent_tidptr which points to the location (in parent and child memory) where the
child thread ID will be written in case CLONE_PARENT_SETTID was specified, and
child_tidptr which points to the location (in child memory) where the child thread
ID will be written in case CLONE_CHILD_SETTID was specified.
RETURN VALUE
On success, the thread ID of the child process is returned in the caller's thread
of execution. On failure, a -1 will be returned in the caller's context, no child
process will be created, and errno will be set appropriately.
ERRORS
EAGAIN Too many processes are already running.
EINVAL CLONE_SIGHAND was specified, but CLONE_VM was not. (Since Linux
2.6.0-test6.)
EINVAL CLONE_THREAD was specified, but CLONE_SIGHAND was not. (Since Linux 2.5.35.)
EINVAL Both CLONE_FS and CLONE_NEWNS were specified in flags.
EINVAL Returned by clone() when a zero value is specified for child_stack.
ENOMEM Cannot allocate sufficient memory to allocate a task structure for the
child, or to copy those parts of the caller's context that need to be
copied.
EPERM CLONE_NEWNS was specified by a non-root process (process without
CAP_SYS_ADMIN).
EPERM CLONE_PID was specified by a process other than process 0.
VERSIONS
There is no entry for clone() in libc5. glibc2 provides clone() as described in
this manual page.
CONFORMING TO
The clone() and sys_clone calls are Linux specific and should not be used in pro-
grams intended to be portable.
NOTES
In the kernel 2.4.x series, CLONE_THREAD generally does not make the parent of the
new thread the same as the parent of the calling process. However, for kernel ver-
sions 2.4.7 to 2.4.18 the CLONE_THREAD flag implied the CLONE_PARENT flag (as in
kernel 2.6).
For a while there was CLONE_DETACHED (introduced in 2.5.32): parent wants no child-
exit signal. In 2.6.2 the need to give this together with CLONE_THREAD disap-
peared. This flag is still defined, but has no effect.
On x86, clone() should not be called through vsyscall, but directly through int
$0x80.
On IA-64, a different system call is used:
int __clone2(int (*fn)(void *), void *child_stack_base,
size_t stack_size, int flags, void *arg, ...
/* pid_t *pid, struct user_desc *tls, pid_t *ctid */ );
The __clone2() system call operates in the same way as clone(), except that
child_stack_base points to the lowest address of the child's stack area, and
stack_size specifies the size of the stack pointed to by child_stack_base.
BUGS
Versions of the GNU C library that include the NPTL threading library contain a
wrapper function for getpid(2) that performs caching of PIDs. In programs linked
against such libraries, calls to getpid(2) may return the same value, even when the
threads were not created using CLONE_THREAD (and thus are not in the same thread
group). To get the truth, it may be necessary to use code such as the following
#include <syscall.h>
pid_t mypid;
mypid = syscall(SYS_getpid);
SEE ALSO
fork(2), futex(2), getpid(2), gettid(2), set_thread_area(2), set_tid_address(2),
tkill(2), unshare(2), wait(2), capabilities(7), pthreads(7)
Linux 2.6 2007-06-01 CLONE(2)
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